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1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Contents Digital and analog computers Characteristics of computer—Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability, versatility History of computer—Calculating machines, Napier’s bones, slide rule, Pascal's adding and subtraction machine, Leibniz's multiplication and dividing machine, punch card system, Babbage's analytical engine, Hollerith's punched card. COMPUTER BASICS Seema Sirpal Delhi University Computer Centre. What is a Computer? An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations. Sinha by Computer Fundamentals – Computer Fundamentals written by P. Sinha is very useful for Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) students and also who are all having an interest to develop their knowledge in the field of Computer Science as well as Information Technology.

Unit 1 Computer Fundamentals PDF Free Download Parts Software & Hardware

What is Computer?

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.It works the principle of I-P-O Cycle

A computer has four functions:
accepts data
b.	Processing
produces output
d.	Storage

(While designing the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine Charles Babage has given the concept of these four units, Hence he is known as “Father of Computer”.)

Input (Data) :

1. Basic Concepts of Computer:: 1 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER 1.1 INTRODUCTION A computer is a programmable machine designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations automatically and sequentially on the input given by the user and gives the desired output after processing. Computer components are divided into two major categories namely.
2. Jun 03, 2016  Download Book names as Computer Fundamentals – by P.K.Sinha easily without any login or registration. Here we are providing the whole book in the form of slides according to the units as given in the Computer Fundamentals – by P.K.Sinha of the first year of B.tech Computer Science & Engineering Subject.The book is written for junior level students.

Input is the raw information or facts entered into a computer from the input devices. It is thecollection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process :

Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system.

Output :

Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called Result or information . We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.

Computer System

The components of the Computer System are:-

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER

• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral DevicesAll physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known asHardware.

• Software = ProgramsSoftware gives 'intelligence' to the computer.

• USER = Person, who operates computer.

Hardware

All the physical and tangible components of Computer are called Hardware. In other words all thecomponents that we can touch come under the category of Hardware eg Keyboard, Mouse

Software

Software is a set of instructions or a program that enables a hardware to run. Without the use ofsoftware a hardware cannot work.eg. Windows 8, Photoshop, MS Office etc. World in conflict steam download.

Firmware

Instructions written/embedded on a hardware are known as firmware e.g., BIOS instruction onROM chip are called Firmware.

Liveware

Persons or the users, using Computers in day to day activity are known as liveware.

Generations of computer:

First Generation (1940-56):

The first generation computers used Vacuum tubes & Machine language was used for giving theinstructions. Update opengl version. These computer were large in size & their programming was difficult task. Theelectricity consumption was very high. Some computers of this generation are ENIAC, EDVAC,EDSAC& UNIVAC-1.

Second Generation(1956-63):

In 2^nd generation computers, Vacuum tubes were replaced by Transistors. They required only 1/10 of power required by Vacuum tubes. This generation computers generated less heat & were reliable. The first operating system developed in this generation.

The Third Generation(1964-71):

The 3^rd generation computers replaced transistors with Integrated circuit known as chip. From Small scale integrated circuits which had 10 transistors per chip, technology developed to MSI circuits with 100 transistors per chip. These computers were smaller, faster & more reliable. High level languages invented in this generation.

The fourth Generation(1972- present):

LSI & VLSI were used in this generation. As a result microprocessors came into existence. The computers using this technology known to be Micro Computers. High capacity hard disk were invented. There is great development in data communication.

The Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond):

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come

Input Devices:

Those devices which help to enter data into computer system. Eg. Keyboard, Mouse, Touch screen,Bar Code Reader, Scanner, MICR, OMR etc.

Output Devices:

Those devices which help to display the processed information.Eg. Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Projector

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The main component to make a computer operate is the computer chip or microprocessor. This isreferred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is also known as Brain of computer. Itperforms arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the device thatinterprets and executes instructions.

Memory:

It facilitates the remembrance power to computer system. It refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device.

Memory can be of two types:-

1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

The term primary memory is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. Primary memory stored on secondary memory is called virtual memory.

1.	Volatile Memory (RAM)
2.

Volatile memory (RAM)

Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. The data is primarily stored on RAM. This is also known as Read-Write memory as both the operation can take place on it. It is volatile in nature because as soon as the power is off its contents are also removed. It can be of two types:-

1. Static RAM or SRAM.

2. Dynamic RAM or DRAM

SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is easy to interface to but uses six transistors per bit.

Dynamic RAM is more complicated to interface to and control and needs regular refresh cycles toprevent its contents being lost. However, DRAM uses only one transistor and a capacitor per bit,allowing it to reach much higher densities and, with more bits on a memory chip, be much cheaperper bit. SRAM is not worthwhile for desktop system memory, where DRAM dominates, but isused for their cache memories.